Gingivitis Genetic Code Cracked

Gene chip technology is comprised of a microchip that holds DNA probes that form half of
the DNA double helix and can recognize DNA from samples being tested.

By Ed Martinez

December 11, 2009

A group of scientists from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have identified gene expression and biological pathways involved in the onset and healing process of gingivitis.

Gingivitis is characterized by gums that are red, swollen and tender and that bleed easily during brushing and flossing. 

The discovery is important because gingivitis that is left untreated can potentially lead to tooth loss, premature birth, heart disease, diabetes, or stroke.

Researchers found that more than 9,000 genes, which are approximately 30% of the genes found in the human body, are involved at the onset of gingivitis and the healing process. "The study's findings demonstrate that clinical symptoms of gingivitis reflect complicated changes in cellular and molecular processes within the body," said Steven Offenbacher, D.D.S., Ph.D., the study's lead author and director of the UNC School of Dentistry-based Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases. 

The study was performed on 14 healthy individuals with mild gingivitis. After baseline tooth cleanings, gingivitis was induced in each participant, followed by an oral hygiene regimen of twice-daily brushing and regular flossing. Gum tissue was collected at baseline, four weeks after the induction of gingivitis and one week after resuming the oral hygiene regimen of brushing and flossing.

The gene expression data was analyzed using gene chip technology that enabled the researchers to detect changes in the expression of more than 30,000 genes. By applying advanced genomics bioinformatics tools, the researchers were able to identify the biological pathways and gene expression patterns associated with gingivitis—including those associated with immune response, energy metabolism, neural processes, vasculature, chemotaxis, would healing and steroid metabolism.

The build-up of plaque formed during the onset of gingivitis represents the overgrowth of bacteria as a biofilm on the teeth above and below the gum line. Biofilms can form in other parts of the body and are known to be involved with health conditions, such as urinary tract infections, ear infections and chronic sinusitis. Researchers believe that learning about how the body interacts with bacteria overgrowth during gingivitis could provide insight into a variety of biofilm-associated diseases.